.. note::
:class: sphx-glr-download-link-note
Click :ref:`here <sphx_glr_download_beginner_basics_tensor_tutorial.py>` to download the full example code
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title
.. _sphx_glr_beginner_basics_tensor_tutorial.py:
`Learn the Basics <intro.html>`_ ||
`Quickstart <quickstart_tutorial.html>`_ ||
**Tensors** ||
`Datasets & DataLoaders <data_tutorial.html>`_ ||
`Transforms <transforms_tutorial.html>`_ ||
`Build Model <buildmodel_tutorial.html>`_ ||
`Autograd <autograd_tutorial.html>`_ ||
`Optimization <optimization_tutorial.html>`_ ||
`Save & Load Model <saveloadrun_tutorial.html>`_
Tensors
==========================
Tensors are a specialized data structure that are very similar to arrays and matrices.
In PyTorch, we use tensors to encode the inputs and outputs of a model, as well as the model’s parameters.
Tensors are similar to `NumPy’s <https://numpy.org/>`_ ndarrays, except that tensors can run on GPUs or other hardware accelerators. In fact, tensors and
NumPy arrays can often share the same underlying memory, eliminating the need to copy data (see :ref:`bridge-to-np-label`). Tensors
are also optimized for automatic differentiation (we'll see more about that later in the `Autograd <autograd_tutorial.html>`__
section). If you’re familiar with ndarrays, you’ll be right at home with the Tensor API. If not, follow along!
.. code-block:: default
import torch
import numpy as np
Initializing a Tensor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tensors can be initialized in various ways. Take a look at the following examples:
**Directly from data**
Tensors can be created directly from data. The data type is automatically inferred.
.. code-block:: default
data = [[1, 2],[3, 4]]
x_data = torch.tensor(data)
**From a NumPy array**
Tensors can be created from NumPy arrays (and vice versa - see :ref:`bridge-to-np-label`).
.. code-block:: default
np_array = np.array(data)
x_np = torch.from_numpy(np_array)
**From another tensor:**
The new tensor retains the properties (shape, datatype) of the argument tensor, unless explicitly overridden.
.. code-block:: default
x_ones = torch.ones_like(x_data) # retains the properties of x_data
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {x_ones} \n")
x_rand = torch.rand_like(x_data, dtype=torch.float) # overrides the datatype of x_data
print(f"Random Tensor: \n {x_rand} \n")
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
Ones Tensor:
tensor([[1, 1],
[1, 1]])
Random Tensor:
tensor([[0.4223, 0.1719],
[0.3184, 0.2631]])
**With random or constant values:**
``shape`` is a tuple of tensor dimensions. In the functions below, it determines the dimensionality of the output tensor.
.. code-block:: default
shape = (2,3,)
rand_tensor = torch.rand(shape)
ones_tensor = torch.ones(shape)
zeros_tensor = torch.zeros(shape)
print(f"Random Tensor: \n {rand_tensor} \n")
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {ones_tensor} \n")
print(f"Zeros Tensor: \n {zeros_tensor}")
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
Random Tensor:
tensor([[0.1602, 0.6000, 0.4126],
[0.5558, 0.0912, 0.3004]])
Ones Tensor:
tensor([[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]])
Zeros Tensor:
tensor([[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])
--------------
Attributes of a Tensor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tensor attributes describe their shape, datatype, and the device on which they are stored.
.. code-block:: default
tensor = torch.rand(3,4)
print(f"Shape of tensor: {tensor.shape}")
print(f"Datatype of tensor: {tensor.dtype}")
print(f"Device tensor is stored on: {tensor.device}")
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
Shape of tensor: torch.Size([3, 4])
Datatype of tensor: torch.float32
Device tensor is stored on: cpu
--------------
Operations on Tensors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Over 100 tensor operations, including arithmetic, linear algebra, matrix manipulation (transposing,
indexing, slicing), sampling and more are
comprehensively described `here <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/torch.html>`__.
Each of these operations can be run on the GPU (at typically higher speeds than on a
CPU). If you’re using Colab, allocate a GPU by going to Runtime > Change runtime type > GPU.
By default, tensors are created on the CPU. We need to explicitly move tensors to the GPU using
``.to`` method (after checking for GPU availability). Keep in mind that copying large tensors
across devices can be expensive in terms of time and memory!
.. code-block:: default
# We move our tensor to the GPU if available
if torch.cuda.is_available():
tensor = tensor.to('cuda')
Try out some of the operations from the list.
If you're familiar with the NumPy API, you'll find the Tensor API a breeze to use.
**Standard numpy-like indexing and slicing:**
.. code-block:: default
tensor = torch.ones(4, 4)
print('First row: ',tensor[0])
print('First column: ', tensor[:, 0])
print('Last column:', tensor[..., -1])
tensor[:,1] = 0
print(tensor)
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
First row: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
First column: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
Last column: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1.])
tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.]])
**Joining tensors** You can use ``torch.cat`` to concatenate a sequence of tensors along a given dimension.
See also `torch.stack <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.stack.html>`__,
another tensor joining op that is subtly different from ``torch.cat``.
.. code-block:: default
t1 = torch.cat([tensor, tensor, tensor], dim=1)
print(t1)
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1., 1., 0., 1., 1.]])
**Arithmetic operations**
.. code-block:: default
# This computes the matrix multiplication between two tensors. y1, y2, y3 will have the same value
y1 = tensor @ tensor.T
y2 = tensor.matmul(tensor.T)
y3 = torch.rand_like(tensor)
torch.matmul(tensor, tensor.T, out=y3)
# This computes the element-wise product. z1, z2, z3 will have the same value
z1 = tensor * tensor
z2 = tensor.mul(tensor)
z3 = torch.rand_like(tensor)
torch.mul(tensor, tensor, out=z3)
**Single-element tensors** If you have a one-element tensor, for example by aggregating all
values of a tensor into one value, you can convert it to a Python
numerical value using ``item()``:
.. code-block:: default
agg = tensor.sum()
agg_item = agg.item()
print(agg_item, type(agg_item))
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
12.0 <class 'float'>
**In-place operations**
Operations that store the result into the operand are called in-place. They are denoted by a ``_`` suffix.
For example: ``x.copy_(y)``, ``x.t_()``, will change ``x``.
.. code-block:: default
print(tensor, "\n")
tensor.add_(5)
print(tensor)
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
tensor([[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 1.]])
tensor([[6., 5., 6., 6.],
[6., 5., 6., 6.],
[6., 5., 6., 6.],
[6., 5., 6., 6.]])
.. note::
In-place operations save some memory, but can be problematic when computing derivatives because of an immediate loss
of history. Hence, their use is discouraged.
--------------
.. _bridge-to-np-label:
Bridge with NumPy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tensors on the CPU and NumPy arrays can share their underlying memory
locations, and changing one will change the other.
Tensor to NumPy array
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. code-block:: default
t = torch.ones(5)
print(f"t: {t}")
n = t.numpy()
print(f"n: {n}")
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
t: tensor([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])
n: [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
A change in the tensor reflects in the NumPy array.
.. code-block:: default
t.add_(1)
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")
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Out:
.. code-block:: none
t: tensor([2., 2., 2., 2., 2.])
n: [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
NumPy array to Tensor
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. code-block:: default
n = np.ones(5)
t = torch.from_numpy(n)
Changes in the NumPy array reflects in the tensor.
.. code-block:: default
np.add(n, 1, out=n)
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out
Out:
.. code-block:: none
t: tensor([2., 2., 2., 2., 2.], dtype=torch.float64)
n: [2. 2. 2. 2. 2.]
.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing
**Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes 6.125 seconds)
.. _sphx_glr_download_beginner_basics_tensor_tutorial.py:
.. only :: html
.. container:: sphx-glr-footer
:class: sphx-glr-footer-example
.. container:: sphx-glr-download
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